Application of Leadership Skills

Use of Leadership Concepts When confronted with challenge of clashing planning, my group attempted to utilize the arrangement procedure to haggle with our customer. We offered motivations like arranging exercises to amusement them between their customers excusal time and the time the young people could come and we center around addressing their requirements which was the absence of transport, by offering to discovering elective vehicle. My group and I showed two out of five characters in the large 5 model during our crisis.They were money and receptiveness to encounter. After our customer pulled out, we had high-vitality level and assurance in finding another association to work with us. For instance, we sourced and called numerous different associations. What's more, we were additionally adaptable and canny in tweaking our unique venture and thinking of elective plans to take care of the issues we were confronting. For instance changing a day occasion to a night occasion on the grou nds that the young people were just ready to execute the undertaking in the evening.When thinking of elective arrangements and back-up plans, my group embraced the alleviate getting process in which we tuned in to everyone proposals, examinations them fundamentally and shared legitimate criticism on the achievability of one another's thoughts. This demonstrated the group didn't amass think. All through the procedure, we uncovered at the top of the priority list the should be available to inputs and reactions, which permitted us to be progressively viable. Despite the fact that there were useful clashes during the procedure, the pioneer and the remainder of the individuals would go about as the middle person where coordinated effort as opposed to maintaining a strategic distance from, rivalry and pleasing is encouraged.We are a self-guided group. This is apparent when we share and turn administration duties in the various territories. For instance, a few people was in accused of corr espondences of outside association, while others where in charged of regulatory issue. My group was commonly successful as a gathering in taking care of the issue that we confronted. There was no social loafing as everybody ventured up and embraced obligations when required to.Members stepped up to the plate and take lead in various regions, which implied that there must be solid group union and high errand association, in light of the fact that every part was dependable of every territory they took care of and must be depended upon by different individuals for generally speaking info. The group additionally showed constructive relational relationship through help, coordinated effort, trust, transparent correspondence between colleagues during pundits, criticisms and troublesome occasions. There was a general Job fulfillment and individuals delighted in being in the group. This is appeared by the excitement of colleagues when thinking of arrangements when

Situational Writing Recount free essay sample

At whatever point the little cat moved, the tin can made shaking commotion. The little cat looked startled as it began going around aimlessly to attempt to dispose of the can. The two young men were likewise jabbing the cat with little sticks while the young lady was chuckling. In the wake of seeing the whole occurrence, I raced to the closest staff room. Saw Mrs. Lee and quickly mentioned to her what had occurred. I carried her to the flight of stairs where I had last observed the three understudies. She safeguarded the little cat and censured the domineering jerks severely.She expressed gratitude toward me for illuminating her right away. I trust that you address this issue as creature mercilessness and tormenting ought not be permitted to occur in our school. I feel that they were extremely savage to the little cat and even snickered when it was being harmed. Truly feel that creatures are to be cherished, not to be harmed. Much obliged to you for setting aside the effort to peruse this letter. We will compose a custom exposition test on Situational Writing Recount or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the event that you need further explanations, if it's not too much trouble let me know. Truly, Michelle (Grade 6) Teachers remarks: Michelle utilized the right tone to illuminate the chief regarding the incident.It was proficient and useful. Her utilization of past impeccable discourse (e. G. Had last observed, what had occurred) was additionally fitting and indicated that he comprehended the course of events of the occasions that occurred. She was additionally ready to communicate his emotions well (e. G. I truly feel that creatures are to be adored, not to be harmed) which carried an individual component exactly. Besides, she had the option to comprehend the setting of the composition.

Social Problems Research

Social Problems ResearchSocial problems research is the most important aspect of dealing with social issues. They are a major problem in our society and people are suffering in silence, when it comes to their social problem, it's time to get involved. Many studies have been done about social problems and all of them have taught us a lot of information about the nature of these problems.When you are considering looking for a way to deal with social problems, there are many factors that should be considered. First and foremost you need to think about who your target audience will be. What do they need and what are their needs?For a business to conduct social problems research, they should start by determining their target audience. It is extremely important that you determine who your target audience will be. In order to do this you need to think about your target audience's age, their race, what type of education they have, and what professions they may have.Social problems research s hould take into account the education level of the person being targeted for your research. It is extremely important that you realize how much their education level will impact what they find out. This is very important because if they're not interested in the information you are giving them, then they will not want to read any further of it.There are a few research topics that have proven effective for people dealing with social problems. These types of research topics are by no means limited to social problems and should be considered by any serious researcher. These research topics include; their views on the justice system, how they view the family, and what type of relationships they may have.The first step in social problems research is finding out what type of person they are. Do they have problems at home, with their community or other social institutions? Itis vital that you do your research first before trying to find information about these individuals because it can mak e your research efforts more successful.Next is determining what the public opinion is about them. The public opinion is very important because it affects every aspect of how you conduct your research. If the public thinks that they have a social problem, then you should be researching about that topic.It is important that you remember to start social problems research at the beginning rather than at the end. You have many opportunities in the beginning of the project when it comes to interviewing people and gathering information about them. The more you can gather and know, the more successful your research will be.

The Problem Of Bottled Water - 2377 Words

Imagine you live in a small town. You have a nice little house, maybe a dog or a cat. The town went through some rough times during the recent recession, but things are looking up: a new frac sand mine moved in nearby, providing jobs for a large portion of the community. Although there is more traffic because of the mine, it seems relatively harmless. As time goes on, however, you start to feel as if something is off. You haven’t been feeling well, and you suspect it has something to do with your tap water. You switch to bottled water and try to avoid using the public water as much as possible. A couple of years later, the news comes out that the frac sand mine had been contaminating the groundwater, making it unsafe. A dozen questions fill your mind with fear and anger: how has my health been affected? How can this problem be fixed? Will it ever be safe to drink the water again? Why did it take so long for this problem to be acknowledged? Fresh water is essential for life. We drink it, we bathe in it, we cook with it, and we grow our food with it. For water to be safe to consume, it must be free of any dirt or toxins, such as lead and arsenic. As the world population grows, we must also have this clean water in large quantities. The common sources of fresh water, such as groundwater, lakes and reservoirs, are naturally clean and safe to use. With new technological advances, however, comes potential fresh water contamination and depletion. One such technology is fracking.Show MoreRelatedThe Bottled Water Problem2078 Words   |  8 PagesThe Bottled Water Problem Introduction Most of Americans today prefer drinking from bottled water other than regular tap water. Bottled water is definitely more efficient and more reliable than tap water in many ways because it is easy to carry around. The problem with bottled water is that even though it is very easy to carry around, it is also very easy to dispose of. According to the International Bottled Water Association, the consumption increased 4.1 percent in 2011 alone. Furthermore,Read MoreThe Problems with Bottled Water Introduction Americans live in a consumer society where majority of2800 Words   |  12 PagesThe Problems with Bottled Water Introduction Americans live in a consumer society where majority of products are packaged ready for use. This is attributed to the availability of disposable merchandise that is favorable and efficient in delivering the various products that are on demand. Among the various favorably consumed packed products is bottled water. It does not however, make sense for people to buy bottled water and throw the container away after they have emptied it. This is because theRead MoreThe Benefits Of Bottled Water Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesEven though bottled water has many disadvantages, there are still some benefits. Bottled water is convenient. Almost everywhere a person goes there are bottled waters being sold. The water is sold at grocery stores, convenience stores, vending machines, and many other places. People can also buy many bottles of water at a time. Some grocery stores sell bottled water that come with twenty or more bottles in the case. Bottled water is a convenient on-the-go hydration s olution. For example, people carryRead MoreMunicipal Drinking Water : The Natural Resources Defense Council ( Nrdc )1692 Words   |  7 PagesMunicipal Drinking Water in the U.S In the United States we often take our tap water for granted and we seriously shouldn’t. In 2001 a study called What’s on Tap? was released by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) , a carefully researched, well-documented, and peer-reviewed study of 19 U.S cities. Alarming results found that pollution and deteriorating out-of-date plumbing are sometimes delivering unsafe drinking water to the population. Many U.S cities depend on water delivery systemsRead MoreThe Water Of Bottled Water Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesmedia would have you believe that bottled water is healthier than normal tap water, but is this true? There is a lot of conflicting information, I would like to clear up that confusion and give you some clarity on the truth. There has been some speculation that the extraction of water for the production of bottled water may be contributing to the drought in California. Below is a map from Mother Jones. They created this illustration using the location of bottled water companies such as Dasani, AquafinaRead MoreThe Effects Of Bottled Water On The Society1681 Words   |  7 Pagesdo this is by not using plastic water bottles. Bottled water is a worldwide item used in a person’s everyday life. It is so commonly used even though it is far more costly than filtered water or tap water, and even sometimes gasoline. Bottled water has a significant impact on the environ ment, as well as the health of individuals. It is important to understand what exactly the impact of bottled water has on the universe today. People try and say that bottled water is safer, more convenient, and helpsRead MoreIs Bottled Water Better Than Tap Water?1564 Words   |  7 PagesIs bottled water better than tap water? Have you ever had any concerns about bottled water? Do you think that bottled water is better than tap water? Bottled water is water packed in plastic containers and sold for human consumption (Health Canada, 2013). Currently, the amount of bottled water consumed has increased considerably since many people feel it is safer drinking bottled water than tap water (Parent and Wrong, 2014). According to The Statistics Portal the global sale of bottled water tookRead MoreBottled Water Consumption Should Be Banned1536 Words   |  7 PagesHave you ever had any concerns about bottled water? Do you think that bottled water consumption should be banned? Bottled water is water packed in plastic containers and sold for human consumption (Health Canada, 2013). Currently, the amount of bottled water consumed has increased considerably since many people feel it is safer drinking bottled water than tap water (Parent and Wrong, 2014). According to The Statistics Portal, the global sale of bottl ed water took a leap from 161, 589 to 181, 608Read MoreThe Plage of Bottled Water1073 Words   |  4 PagesBottled Up Over the last decades the human race has made magnificent strides in looks for a greener society. How can we make great leaps in these new science fields when we are not even capable of taking care of the pollution problem which is greatest harm to the human race and all Earths inhabitants? Bottled water is the most massed produced plastic products around to date. The bottled water is supposedly safer, easier to tote, and helps the economy by providing jobs for citizens. Bottled waterRead MoreBenefits Of Drinking Bottled Water Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many benefits of drinking bottled water, but these benefits do not outweigh the costs. Drinking bottled water can have many negative effects on human health, and can be very harmful to the environment. Over the past ten years, the bottled water market has tripled. Every year the market grows ten percent from the previous year. Because the market is continuously growing, the amount of negative impacts of bottled water a re also growing. Bottled water has been linked to health defects, illnesses

Learn About the History of Polyester

Polyester is a synthetic fiber derived from coal, air, water and petroleum. Developed in a 20th-century laboratory, polyester fibers are formed from a chemical reaction between an acid and alcohol. In this reaction, two or more molecules combine to make a large molecule whose structure repeats throughout its length. Polyester fibers can form very long molecules that are very stable and strong. Whinfield and Dickson Patent the Basis of Polyester British  chemists John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson, employees of the Calico Printers Association of Manchester, patented polyethylene terephthalate (also called PET or PETE) in 1941, after advancing the early research of  Wallace Carothers. Whinfield and Dickson saw that Carotherss research had not investigated the polyester formed from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Polyethylene terephthalate is the basis of synthetic fibers such as polyester, dacron and terylene. Whinfield and Dickson along with inventors W.K. Birtwhistle and C.G. Ritchiethey also created the first polyester fiber called Terylene in 1941 (first manufactured by Imperial Chemical Industries or ICI). The second polyester fiber was Duponts Dacron. Dupont According to  Dupont, In the late 1920s, DuPont was in direct competition with Britain’s recently formed Imperial Chemical Industries. DuPont and ICI agreed in October 1929 to share information about patents and research developments. In 1952, the companies’ alliance was dissolved... The polymer that became polyester has roots in the 1929 writings of Wallace Carothers. However, DuPont chose to concentrate on the more promising nylon research. When DuPont resumed its polyester research, ICI had patented Terylene polyester, to which DuPont purchased the U.S. rights in 1945 for further development. In 1950, a pilot plant at the Seaford, Delaware, facility produced Dacron [polyester] fiber with modified nylon technology. Duponts polyester research lead to a whole range of trademarked products, one example is Mylar (1952), an extraordinarily strong polyester (PET) film that grew out of the development of Dacron in the early 1950s. Polyesters are made from chemical substances found mainly in petroleum and are manufactured in fibers, films, and plastics. DuPont Teijin Films According to Dupont Teijin Films, Plain polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyester is most commonly associated with a material from which cloth and high-performance clothing are produced (e.g., DuPont Dacron ® polyester fiber). Increasingly over the last 10 years, PET has gained acceptance as a material of choice for beverage bottles. PETG, also known as glycolised polyester, is used in the production of cards. Polyester film (PETF) is a semi-crystalline film used in many applications such as videotape,   high-quality packaging, professional photographic printing, X-ray film, floppy disks, etc.    DuPont Teijin Films (founded January 1, 2000) is a leading supplier of PET and PEN polyester films whose brand names incude: Mylar  ®, Melinex  ®, and Teijin  ® Tetoron  ® PET polyester film, Teonex  ® PEN polyester film, and Cronar  ® polyester photographic base film. Naming an invention actually involves developing at least two names. One name is the generic name. The other name is the brand name or trademark. For example, Mylar  ® and Teijin  ® are brand names; polyester film or polyethylene terephthalate are the generic or product names.

The Rule Of The United States Constitution - 1483 Words

Change is Good Since the year of 1787, the United States Constitution has persisted as the highest law in our land. At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, delegates were determined to set the Articles of Confederation aside and devise a fresh concept. To ensure that we would have a government with rights and freedoms, the delegates created what was called the separation of powers. The reasoning behind the division of government was to ensure that no one branch could vanquish the other. As a result, three separate branches were created in the Constitution known as: the legislative, judicial and executive branches. Since the eighteenth century, America has changed significantly; and while we still uphold the same decrees that lie†¦show more content†¦Aside from the numerous responsibilities required of those in the Executive Branch, they also gain certain powers within their domain. In Article II of the constitution the Executive Branch is given the power to enforce laws, but the main power to enforce laws belongs to the President. The Presidential powers listed in the U.S. Constitution include: â€Å"being able to veto a proposal for a law, appoint federal posts, negotiate foreign treaties with other countries, appoint federal judges, grant pardons, and pass something called an executive order†. The President is also the commander-in-chief, chief executive, legislative leader, and chief diplomat. Besides all of the power that the President has when elected into office, how does one get elected to be the leader of our great nation? Well don’t worry the constitution has rules regarding that as well. The constitution has three requirements to become eligible to run for president. One must be thirty-five years of age, be a resident within the United States for fourteen years, and you must be a natural born citizen. With those parameters set, the on ly thing left to do is vote. Electing the president is a carefully planned process that has been used since 1787 by the framers of the Constitution. The way we vote is through what is called the Electoral College. Over time, some states have altered the way they implement using the system, but the fundamentalsShow MoreRelatedA comparison of the United States Constitution And The Declaration of Independence712 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction The United States Constitution and The Declaration of Independence are two of America s most famous documents that laid the foundation for it s independence as a nation and separation from British rule. The following paper will compare these two documents and decipher the difference of the two. While both Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution contain important information regarding America s independence they are also different in many respects. DraftedRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention Of The Constitution1179 Words   |  5 PagesMost of the framers of the constitution either attended or graduated college, were involved in the American Revolution, and had already been involved in the government. The Constitutional Convention was a meeting held in Philadelphia between May and September of 1787. There, delegates discussed revisions to the United States Government. The Constitutional Convention was held in order to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation. Many of theRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The United States1375 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst constitution of the United States of America, and the US Constitution, which acts as the supreme law in the United States today, bo th are poles apart. In fact, it was only because of the weaknesses of the Articles that the present-day US Constitution was drafted. The Articles of Confederation or Articles was a written agreement which laid the guidelines for the functioning of the national government. It was drafted by the Continental Congress and sent to the thirteen original states for ratificationRead MoreHow Have the Concepts of Popular Sovereignty, Rule of Law and Tolerance Developed Through Time880 Words   |  4 PagesJOURNAL 1 The United State has been established based on the foundation ideas of Popular Sovereignty, Rule of Law, and Tolerance. Those ideas have become the strong pillars for our Founding Fathers to build a new society (Coaty 23) which vividly accounted in the U.S. Constitution. The questions arise, what are the Popular Sovereignty, Rule of Law, and Tolerance? Why those ideas have become so vital?   The Popular Sovereignty means is a form of power that a nation state has over itself and its peopleRead MoreThe Constitutional Convention Of Philadelphia Signed The United States Constitution1107 Words   |  5 PagesConstitutional Convention in Philadelphia signed the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787. Designed to replace the weak Articles of Confederation previously in place, the Constitution delineates and outlines the powers of the different branches of government. The Constitution also includes the Bill of Rights that states the rights of the citizens. As of this year, the Constitution is two hundred and twenty-nine years old. The Constitution continues to have an impact on modern society as itRead MorePrinciples Of The Nation s Constitution And The Bill Of Rights1413 Words   |  6 Pagesin the nation. The principles are clearly defined in the nation’s constitution and the bill of rights. The important principles give people a sense of national identity of belonging to a certain nation, hold the people together and allow the government to function competently. In American government, there are fundamental principles which have been established and are used in the governing of the people. The principles include rule of law, democracy, representative government, limited government andRead MoreThe Constitutional System Within The United Kingdom1416 Words   |  6 Pagesand power of a government, but also state the relationship between government and individuals. Constitutionalism can be classified into two distinct categories: a codified written Constitutions (ie: United States), and an uncodified unwritten constitution (ie: United Kingdom). Some consider the UK constitution as a risk to the democratic society due to its flexibility and the chance of forming dictatorship. However, others believe that an uncodified constitution could be beneficial within a constantRead MoreThe Many Variations and Common Themes of Constitutions1499 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesfought in the war. This is known as a constitution, which aids to governing and shaping a country. A renowned example of a constitution is the United States constitution, which was written and ratified a few years after the American Revolutionary War. Not only does the U.S. have a constitution, but also France, Iraq, Vietnam, and other nations. Even ancient civilizations established one, such as Greece, Rome, Babylon, the Iroquois Confederacy, and others. Constitutions imply different themes, such as rightsRead MoreGorn Chapter 5 Questions Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesawarded to congress in the Constitution of 1787 would an Anti- Federalist be most likely to oppose? Anti- Federalist were against the Constitution all together but most of all, I think the Anti-Federalist were against the fact that the state government’s would no longer have as much power like it did with the Articles of Confederation. The constitution supported the idea of a powerful and strong central government. The congress had the power to tax people, and make rules and regulations as it saysRead More Comparison of US Bill of Rights and The Canadian Charter of Rights1405 Words   |  6 Pages BACKGROUND OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS The United States Bill of Rights came into being as a result of a promise made by the Fathers of Confederation to the states during the struggle for ratification of the Constitution in 1787-88. A great number of the states made as a condition for their ratification, the addition of amendments, which would guarantee citizens protection of their rights against the central government. Thus, we have a rather interesting situation in which the entrenchment of a bill

Generalization in Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Question: Discuss about the Generalization in Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Answer: Introduction: Visa Inc. is a multinational financial services corporation which was formed in 2007. It was started in the United States and has its headquarters at Foster City in California, United States. Visa Inc. has helped to facilitate the transfer of funds electronically in the whole world. The most commonly used Visa products are the Visa credit cards and the Visa debit cards. These cards have been globally accepted, and are used in transactions to pay for goods or services in different places all over the world (United States Patent No. US7650308 B2, 2010). Since establishment, Visa Inc. has been expanding across the whole world and has managed to enter almost all the countries in the world. In its expansion process, Visa Inc. has encountered various problems. Among the major problems faced by Visa Inc. include problems of fraud, competition from other similar companies like MasterCard, and lack of trust from some members of the general public. Visa Inc. has been faced with other many other problems but the problems stated are the major problems which have been affecting its performance in the global market. In this research, we are going to address some of the major problems faced by Visa Inc. As we stated in the problem definition section, the major problems which have been limiting the performance of Visa Inc. are increased cases fraud, stiff competition from other similar companies like MasterCard, and lack of trust from some members of the general public. In this proposal, we shall analyze these problems in details to determine how they have affected different users of Visa Inc. products in the whole world. We shall use Australia as a case study in our research, and the results of our research can be used to represent the whole world. Our research will be based on different towns located in Australia. The problems which face the users of Visa Inc. products in Australia are the same problems which face the other users in different places of the world. To meet our objectives, we shall do a detailed research in different places within Australia to determine the major problems which face Visa Inc. in Australia. In our research, we shall involve various respondents who use Visa Inc. products for us to know the major problems or challenges faced by these users. Like the other companies, Visa Inc. Corporation has been working very hard to identify the problems faced by its customers for it to do the necessary rectifications to solve these problems for it to offer better services to its customers. Every company desires to offer the best services to its customers for it to satisfy them and make them happy. Satisfied and happy customers will always be loyal to a company, and this will earn the company more profits which will enhance its growth. Research design defines the methods or approaches which should be used in carrying out research. The commonly used research designs are the qualitative research design, quantitative design, and the mixed methods research design (Creswell, 2013). The researcher should determine the research design to be used depending on the type of data to be collected and some determining other factors. An appropriate research design is very necessary for any research to be successful. Qualitative research is the approach which deals with the collection and analysis of the non-numerical data (Silverman, 2016). In qualitative research, the data is collected in forms of images, videos, recordings, texts, and many other non-numerical forms. On the other hand, quantitative research is an approach where data is collected and analyzed in numerical forms (Beck and Polit, 2010, pp.1451-1458). Due to the numerical nature of the data, the analysis of the data requires that some mathematical software such as Excel or SPSS or use of some mathematical devices such as calculators. Mixed methods design combines both numerical and non-numerical types of data. The combination of the different forms of data makes this method better than any of the other two research designs since it overcomes the limitations of the individual methods (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2009, pp.265-275). Most researchers prefer to use mixed methods design in their research since it combines both numerical and n on-numerical types of data which are encountered in many research problems. In our case, we shall use mixed methods design to carry out the research. The mixed methods research design will be the most appropriate design in our research since we shall use both numerical and non-numerical forms of data. Our research objectives are to identify the major problems faced by Visa Inc. To meet our objectives, we shall do extensive research to meet different users of Visa Inc. products in Australia and determine the major problems which are faced by these people. We shall use questionnaire data collection method in our research. Questionnaire method is an appropriate method of collecting data in our research since it will give the respondents the privacy and freedom of expressing their views without any manipulation effects(Gillham, 2008). We have various sampling techniques used in research. Some of the most commonly used sampling techniques include random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling (Cochran, 2007). The researcher should choose the best sampling technique for him/her to obtain the best results of his or her research. Random sampling is a technique where all the members of the whole population have equal probabilities of being selected. The selection of any member of the population is done randomly, and the selection is not influenced by the other members in any way (Yossef, Technion, and Haifa, 2008). Stratified sampling is a technique where the researcher divides the whole population into different sub-groups referred to as strata. The researcher then selects the samples randomly from each of the different strata. In cluster sampling, the researcher first selects some small groups from the entire population. These small groups are referred to as clusters. After selecting the clusters, the researcher can now select the individual subjects from the clusters by simple or systematic random approaches (Baffetta, Bacaro, and Fattorini, 2007). In our research, we shall use random sampling. The main advantage of random sampling is that all the samples are selected randomly, and this gives all the samples an equal chance of being selected which will represent the whole population fairly without any bias. We shall use a sample size of five thousand (5000) users of Visa Inc. products in Australia. These users will be selected randomly, and we shall select users from different parts of the country to reduce some geographical limitations. This sample size will be good to give fairly accurate results which will represent all the users of Visa Inc. products in Australia. This is the stage which involves collecting and analyzing the data of the most common problems facing the users of the products of Visa Inc. To ease the process of data collection, the researchers will be divided into fifty different groups. Each group will visit a different place within Australia to deliver the questionnaire forms to different users of Visa Inc. products. The researchers should make sure all the questionnaire forms are given to the right respondents. The researchers should also ensure the respondents fill the questionnaire forms accordingly to avoid some errors which may arise during data analysis if the questionnaire forms are not filled as required. After collecting the required data, we shall do the necessary analysis of the data to help us to answer the research questions. Our analysis will mainly involve comparison of the numbers of customers facing various problems. We shall consider the most common problems which have been faced by most of the users of Visa Inc. products in Australia and our results will help us to make the necessary recommendations in our final research report. These common problems are the major problems which face the users of Visa Inc. products in Australia and the whole world in general. Budget and timeline of the research Research Activity Start Date Duration in Weeks End Date Budget in AUD Carrying out a detailed literature review of the major problems facing the users of Visa Inc. products 10TH October 2017 1 week 17TH October 2017 1000 AUD Preparation of the questionnaire forms to be used in the data collection process. 18TH October 2017 1 week 25TH October 2017 2500 AUD Data collection (Travelling to different places for collectinon of the required data) 26TH October 2017 3 weeks 15TH November 2017 7500 AUD Data processing and analysis 16TH November 2017 2 weeks 30TH November 2017 2000 AUD Preparation and documentation of the final research report 1ST December 2017 2 weeks 14TH December 2017 1500 AUD Total budget 14500 AUD A sample dummy table of the hypothetical results Problem faced Number of users who have faced this problem Percentage of the number of users facing this problem compared to the total number of users (5000) Classification of the problem as a major or minor problem Fraud cases 4177 83.54% Major problem High transaction charges 1019 20.38% Minor problem Discouragement from the other people 3355 67.1% Major problem Other problems 807 16.14% Minor problem These are just hypothetical results of our research. Carrying out the actual research will help the researchers to determine the major problems which are faced by the users of Visa Inc. products. Having known the major problems and challenges facing the users of Viser Inc. products, the researchers can make a full report and give the recommendations which can be implemented to address these challenges. References Beck, D. F. (2010). Generalization in quantitative and qualitative research: Myths and strategies. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(11), 1451-1458. Cochran, W. (2007). Sampling techniques. John Wiley Sons. Cooper, P. S. (2008). Business Research Methods (10TH ed.). McGraw Hill. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Fourth ed.). London: Sage Publications. David Richey, M. K. (2008). Method and system for facilitating electronic dispute resolution. California: Visa U.S.A. Inc. Baffetta, G. B. (2007). Multi-stage cluster sampling for estimating average species richness at different spatial grains. Community Ecology, 8(1). Gillham, B. (2008). Developing a Questionnaire. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. Indrani Medhi, S. N. (2009). A comparison of mobile money-transfer UIs for non-literate and semi-literate users. ACM, 1741-1750 . John Hamilton Macllwaine, P. S. (2010). The United States Patent No. US9697520 B2. Kahn, J. B. (2016). Research in education. Pearson Education. Loc Nguyen, S. P. (2010). United States Patent No. US7650308 B2. Onwuegbuzie, N. L. (2009). A typology of mixed methods research designs. Quality Quantity, 43(2), 265275. Porter, M. E. (2008). On Competition. Cambridge: Harvard Business Press. Robert W. Taylor, E. J. (2014). Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism (3rd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall Press. Silverman, D. (2016). Qualitative Research. London: Sage Publications. Ziv Bar-Yossef, T. a. (2008). Random sampling from a search engine's index. Journal of the ACM, 55(5).

Greek Mythology and Medusa Essay Example

Greek Mythology and Medusa Essay Medusa, the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto is a famous gorgon in Greek Mythology. Medusa, who represented female wisdom, was the eldest of two other Gorgon sisters, Stheino, who represented strength, and the last sister, Euryale as universality. Medusa was the mortal one of the sisters. She was known originally for being a beautiful young maiden, her loveliest feature being her long gorgeous hair. She was a virgin, and she was raped by Poseidon, Lord of the Sea, while she had been worshipping in the temple of the Goddess Athena, the goddess of wisdom and war. Athena was enraged about this happening in her temple. She blamed Medusa for this sacrilegious act and punished Medusa by taking her beauty away from her and turning her into a serpent headed monster with snakes for hair. After this, any man who was to gaze directly upon her would turn into stone. Over time Medusa’s face has come to symbolize and refer to many different things, such as; a monster, something that resembled evil, she’s also been a popular choice for art pieces, and also a symbol for feminist. Many females like Medusa because she stood up for them. After being raped, she wanted to help other women and avoid this happening to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Mythology and Medusa specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Mythology and Medusa specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Mythology and Medusa specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Medusa also became the face on Greek coins later on in history. There are many different versions of the myth about Medusa and why she was turned into an ugly serpent with snakes for hair. The most common one being that Athena was angry that she had been sexual with Poseidon in her temple and also that she was especially jealous of Medusa’s beauty. Athena cursed Medusa to lose all her beauty and made her an ugly monster. Any man who even looked at her turned into stone. Soon after this, the hero Perseus was sent on a quest, by King Polydectes of Seriphos, and Athena herself, to retrieve the head of the Gorgon, Medusa. A deed said to require the maximum of heroic-male courage and skill. Perseus was given magic winged sandals, a cap and a pouch from Hermes. (In Greek mythology, Hermes is one of the Olympian Gods. ) Guided by Athena the entire time, Perseus flies over the ocean to Lake Tritonis in Libya where Medusa and her two gorgon sisters live. He makes his way through rough, thick woods and on the way to Medusa’s palace he sees several statues of men and beasts. There are also stone pillars erected in honor of her deceased lovers. Peresus comes upon the sleeping Gorgon sisters. Athena holds out a mirror, so that Perseus doesn’t have to look directly at Medusa and can finish his quest without being turned into stone. He accomplishes this, and decapitates Medusa with his crescent sword. Even in death Medusa’s blood retains its powers. She was pregnant with Poseidon’s child at this time and it is said that when she was decapitated, her blood gave life to Pegasus, the winged, militant steed of Zeus that creates serpents in the earth with the touch of his hoof. And also Chrysaor, the golden bladed giant, is born from her bleeding neck. Medusa’s blood is drained from her body and later used to raise the dead. The blood from her right veins were kept and later used to heal and nourish life, and the blood from her left vein used to kill. After decapitating Medusa, Perseus puts her head into his pouch. He uses her head as a weapon. He would show enemies her head and turned them stone whenever it was needed during his journey back home. During his short stay in Ethiopia, the corals of the Red Sea were said to have been formed of Medusa’s blood that was spilled onto seaweed when Perseus laid down her head beside the shore. Here, he also saved and wed his wife, the princess Andromeda. From there he flew to Seriphus, where his mother was about to be forced to marry the King Polydectes. Perseus showed the King Medusa’s head and he was turned to stone. When he returned home he gave the head to Athena. The head was then put onto Athena’s shield. It protected the Goddess from enemies, because even after Medusa’s defeat, her face forever maintains its gorgon power. â€Å"Perseus could not have completed this task without the help of the warrior goddess Athena. It was she who guided and instructed him throughout his journey and slaying. Since the myth symbolized the usurping of her powerful roots in a culture where she and Medusa were one, it is appropriate that only she would know the secrets to find and defeat the Gorgon, Medusa. † (The Greek Myth, Pg. 141) Medusa means, â€Å"Sovereign female wisdom. † Her ancient, widely recognized symbol of female wisdom was her threatening mask. The face that had unblinking eyes. All seeing eyes that see through every person, penetrating their illusions and looking into the abyss of truth. Her mouth is deathly looking. It is devouring of all the lives of men. Her tongue protrudes like snakes and her face is surrounded by a halo of spiraling, serpentine hair which symbolized the great cycles and her serpent wisdom. Horns coming out of her head that were meant to scare men. Birds appear on her head and shoulder, signifying her generative as well as death wielding powers of her dark, crone aspect. They also represent the heavens of the sky. Snakes coil around her arms, legs or are entwined in her hair and are shown whispering into her ear. The serpent is a totem of the cycles of life, death, and rebirth and the seasons. It is the connection to the fertile earth and to the underworld. It also symbolizes immortality as it was thought to shed its skin indefinitely. The serpent is also an emblem of the ocean as the sea was known as an earth girdling serpent. â€Å"In 750 BC, the full-bodied image of Medusa in Greece was a central piece on their oldest surviving temple, of Artemis, one of their oldest gods. Like Medusa, she kills in sacred manner so that life may continue. † (Medusa, Pg. 223) In this image of Medusa, snakes are tied around her waist in the sacred healing knot as they were used for medicinal purposes. She retains spiraling hair, large bird wings on her back and even on her feet. The wings symbolize her freedom and dynamic movement between the worlds. â€Å"Medusa was actually imported into Greece from Libya where she was worshipped by the Libyan Amazons as their Serpent-Goddess. † (Early Greek Myth, Pg. 205) Medusa was the destroyer aspect of the Great Triple Goddess also called Neith, Anath, Athene, or Athena in North Africa and Athana in 1400 C. BC Minoan Crete. Medusa was originally an aspect of the goddess Athene from Libya where she was the Serpent-Goddess of the Libyan Amazons. In her images, her hair sometimes resembled dread locks, showing her origins in Africa. There she had a hidden, dangerous face. It was said that no one could lift her veil, and that if ever to look directly upon her face was to glimpse at one’s own death as they saw their future. Medusa became a strong part of feminism in that she was affected greatly by what Poseidon had done to her. She hated all men and turned them all to stone if they were to gaze directly at her. Poseidon had taken something from her, something she could not ever get back. And she was punished for it, for something she had not wished for nor had any choice against. Her beauty was taken away. Medusa wanted to help every woman and to keep them safe from all the evil men in the world. Women connected to her in this way. They looked to her as an idol, and after Perseus had beheaded her, women felt that it was female wisdom and expression, along with the potential of women in general that was being silenced. â€Å"It is the act which stops her growth, limits her potential, movement and cultural contributions. † (Medusa, Pg. 134) She is obliterated and her severed head is flaunted on many works of art in pride of her and all women’s abuse by violent men. She is broken and her body enslaved. Her spirit, her mind, her spiritual powers are all killed. Her once honored forces of female creativity and destruction are halted. Her role as a strong woman, degraded. Her life-giving, death-wielding powers and wild forces of nature are controlled, tamed, and mastered by the way males wanted things ordered. The cycles of life and nature are made to conform to his linear perspective. The image of Medusa was used to guard and protect women. It has been adopted by women as a symbol of female rage. It was always carved into stone because of her, â€Å"look of stone. † It was carved and put onto caves and gateways at sacred sites dedicated to the goddess. It also appeared on stone pillars erected in honor of her deceased lovers. Even after the degradation of Medusa Athenian culture after the 7th C. BC, her mask image continues to be used until the reign of Christianity. Her image started to slowly fade away in Greece in the 7th-6th C. BC. But there were still images that revere Medusa in her full power. â€Å"Patriarchy began in the bronze and iron age of the first millennia Greece. Here, the world was no longer born of a sacred mother deity but from a supreme father. Earth and heaven were slit eternally. † (Athena in the Classical World, Pg. 30) In myth heroes and gods were created to dominate the female and natural forces over and over again in various forms, the most common of them being gigantic snakes and serpent monsters. But soon, the holy image of the gorgon Medusa as an ancient symbol of female power and wisdom became totally unacceptable. By the 6th C. BC her rights were disrupted, her priestesses were violated and he r image defiled. Her images were mastered and domesticated. Her mask was used by ordinary people. Her female wisdom, natural forces, powers of creativity, destruction and regeneration were demonized and made into something evil. She was made into a horrid, ugly monster. In more recent times, in the 20th century, feminists brought back Medusa’s appearances in literature, art and in modern culture. The name â€Å"Medusa† itself is not often used in ways that it was originally, according to myth. Despite her origins as a beauty, the name in common usage has come to mean, â€Å"Monster. † People started referring to something or someone who is hideous, scary, or ugly as â€Å"Medusa. † The image being recognized as something that connects with evil, hate, and darkness. Feminists have adopted her face as a symbol of female rage. And many women recognize her face as just that. They respect Medusa for all she has gone through and what she really represents. She is the voice and the protection for all women against any abuse from men. Medusa became a very common theme in art. Somewhere around 411-348 BC a coin in Ancient Greece was made with the gorgon Medusa’s face on it. It is said that she was the ugliest female face to have ever appeared on a coin. The artwork on this coin shows Medusa with her snake hair surrounding her face and her tongue sticking out in a rude way. She is showing her boar-like teeth with ridicule. Her stone eyes seem to be either glaring at you or laughing at you. The coin is so creepy and ugly, but yet beautiful at the same time. Medusa was such a big part of Ancient history and the Greeks especially wanted to remember and use her as an important figure. The coin is a magnificent piece of art and of history. Many well known artists used Medusa in numerous works of art. The image of Medusa was on the breastplate of Alexander the Great. Leonardo da Vinci created and oil on canvas of Medusa. In 1554, Benvenuto Cellini sculpted a bronze sculpture called, Perseus with the Head of Medusa. In 1597 Caravaggio made oil on canvas of Medusa. And in the early 1680’s Luca Giordano created an oil on canvas piece called, Perseus Turning Phineus and his Followers to Stone. These are just a few of the famous artworks made of Medusa. Medusa remained a common theme in art in even the nineteenth century. The head of Medusa is even on some regional symbols. One example is of the flag and emblem of Sicily. Medusa has also recently appeared in a movie, the remake of the 1981 film, Clash of the Titans. Medusa, the mortal one of her three gorgon sisters, strongly represented female wisdom and became the symbol of female rage. With a hideous face, and snakes for hair, she is known now as a monster. But still, the story of Medusa is so fascinating to so many women. She is an idol in many ways for women who have been raped, because she after Athena had punished her for being unintentionally involved with Poseidon, she worked to protect women by turning many evil men to stone. She has been used for many art pieces over the years, movies, popular culture, and even coins in Ancient Greek times. And even today people are still fascinated and learning about the myth of the gorgon, Medusa. The myth of the gorgon, Medusa has been told all around the world. Medusa was a lovely maiden who was known for her long beautiful hair and her pale skin that was so close to perfect. Women were so jealous of Medusa. When Medusa was raped in Athena’s temple by the King Poseidon, I think Athena surely took advantage of the incident. I feel that she was a very heartless and evil person. Her jealousy got the best of her and she cursed a horrible thing upon Medusa. She caused her to become a hideous monster. She took all of her beauty from her, and ruined her life. Medusa became a woman who truly hated all men. She was unhappy and very ugly. Any man who gazed directly at her would turn to stone. It was her personal punishment toward men after what Poseidon had done to her. I personally feel bad for Medusa. Being raped takes so much from a person as it is. She had to have already been so effected from just that incident. Then Athena punishes her even more. For something she had no control over. After all the research that I have done, I feel that Medusa is not truly this hideous, evil, monster. I think she has had such poor luck in her life. And it is unfortunate that she has gone through the things that she has. In my point of you it is not her fault that she was this evil lady with snakes for hair. She had gone through some very tormenting situations. And I think Poseidon should have been punished for what he had done. But today, many women do feel the same as I about Medusa. Feminists see her almost an idol. She stood up for herself and many other women after she had been hurt and raped. She wanted to protect women from the evil men out there. She was a victim, but she didn’t just back down and do nothing about it. She fought back. And she symbolized herself as something big and strong. And today she is known as a strong woman. Yes, a monster, but also so much more than that. To me, I think she is somewhat of a hero. Works Cited Deacy, Susan. Athena in the Classical World. Ed. Alexandra Villing. The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, 2001. Atsma, Aaron J. â€Å"Medusa and Gorgons. † (2000): N. pag. The Project Copyright. New Zealand, 2 Apr. 2010 . Gantz, Timothy. Early Greek Myth. Baltimore: the John Hopkins University Press, 1993. Kershaw, Stephen P. the Greek Myths. New York: Carrol and Graf Publishers, 2007. Wilk, Stephen R. Medusa. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Humman Cloning Essays

Humman Cloning Essays Humman Cloning Essay Humman Cloning Essay * INTRODUCTION: The world of science and the public at large were both shocked and fascinated by the announcement in the journal Nature by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues that they had successfully cloned a sheep from a single cell of an adult sheep (Wilmut 1997). Scientists were in part surprised, because many had believed that after the very early stage of embryo development at which differentiation of cell function begins to take place, it would not be possible to achieve cloning of an adult mammal by nuclear transfer. In this process, the nucleus from the cell of an adult mammal is inserted into an ennucleated ovum, and the resulting embryo develops following the complete genetic code of the mammal from which the inserted nucleus was obtained. But some scientists and much of the public were troubled or apparently even horrified at the prospect that if adult mammals such as sheep could be cloned, then cloning of adult humans by the sameprocess would likely be possible as well. Of course, the process is far from perfected even with sheep- it took 276 failures by Wilmut and his colleagues to produce Dolly, their one success. Whether the process can be successfully replicated in other mammals, much less in humans, is not now known. But those who were horrified at the prospect of human cloning were not assuaged by the fact that the science with humans is not yet there, for it looked to them now perilously close. The response of most scientific and political leaders to the prospect of human cloning, indeed of Dr. Wilmut as well, was of immediate and strong condemnation. In the United States, President Clinton immediately banned federal financing of human cloning research and asked privately funded scientists to halt such work until the newly formed National Bioethics Advisory Commission could review the â€Å"troubling† ethical and legal implications. The Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized human cloning as â€Å"ethically unacceptable as it would violate some of the basic principles which govern medically assisted reproduction. These include respect for the dignity of the human being and the protection of the security of human genetic material† (WHO 1997). Around the world similar immediate condemnation was heard, as human cloning was called a violation of human rights and human dignity. Even before Wilmut’s announcement, human cloning had been made illegal in nearly all countries in Europe and had been condemned by the Council of Europe (Council of Europe 1986). A few more cautious voices were heard, both suggesting some possible benefits from the use of human cloning in limited circumstances and questioning its too quick prohibition, but they were a clear minority. In the popular media, nightmare scenarios of laboratory mistakes resulting in monsters, the cloning of armies of Hitlers, the exploitative use of cloning for totalitarian ends as in Huxley’s Brave New World, and the murderous replicas of the film Blade Runner, all fed the public controversy and uneasiness. A striking feature of these early responses was that their strength and intensity seemed to far outrun the arguments and reasons offered in support of them- they seemed often to be â€Å"gut level† emotional reactions rather than considered reflections on the issues. Such reactions should not be simply dismissed, both because they may point us to important considerations otherwise missed and not easily articulated, and because they often have a major impact on public policy. But the formation of public policy should not ignore the moral reasons and arguments that bear on the practice of human cloning- these must be articulated inE-4 order to understand and inform people’s more immediate emotional responses. This paper is an effort to articulate, and to evaluate critically, the main moral considerations and arguments for and against human cloning. Though many people’s religious beliefs inform their views on human cloning, and it is often difficult to separate religious from secular positions, I shall restrict myself to arguments and reasons that can be given a clear secular formulation and will ignore explicitly religious positions and arguments pro or con. I shall also be concerned principally with cloning by nuclear transfer, which permits cloning of an adult, not cloning by embryo splitting, although some of the issues apply to both (Cohen and Tomkin 1994). I begin by noting that on each side of the issue there are two distinct kinds of moral arguments brought forward. On the one hand, some opponents claim that human cloning would violate fundamental moral or human rights, while some proponents argue that its prohibition would violate such rights. On the other hand, both opponents and proponents also cite the likely harms and benefits, both to individuals and to society, of the practice. While moral and even human rights need not be understood as bsolute, that is, as morally requiring people to respect them no matter how great the costs or bad consequences of doing so, they do place moralrestrictions on permissible actions that appeal to a mere balance of benefits over harms. For example, the rights of human subjects in research must be respected even if the result is that some potentially beneficial research is made more difficult or cannot be done, and the right of free expression prohibits the silencing of unpopular or even abhorrent views; in Ronald Dworkin’s striking formulation, rights trump utility (Dworkin 1978). I shall take up both the moral rights implicated in human cloning, as well as its more likely significant benefits and harms, because none of the rights as applied to human cloning is sufficiently uncontroversial and strong to settle decisively the morality of the practice one way or the other. But because of their strong moral force, the assessment of the moral rights putatively at stake is especially important. A further complexity here is that it is sometimes controversial whether a particular consideration is merely a matter of benefits and harms, or is instead a matter of moral or human rights. I shall begin with the arguments in support of permitting human cloning, although with no implication that it is the stronger or weaker position * The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep Dolly (Nature  385,  810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by  Science  magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of cloning an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. Historical Background: The history of human cloning human cloning is undoubtedly one of the most fascinating chapters of our lives. Essential question to be discussed to understand the ramifications of human cloning is when human life begins? C. Ward Kischer, a famous American embryologists, wrote in a recent article: Since 1973 when Roe vs. Wade was wo n there were many socio-legal issues related to human embryo. Abortion, fertilization in vitro research on human embryos, research on stem cells, cloning and genetic engineering are substantive issues of human embryology†. The answer is clear embryology that life begins at fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) or if the SCNT cloning, implantation and activation when the donor somatic cell nucleus into an egg recipient (asexual reproduction). (6) Although non-mammalian cloning was achieved in 1952, mankind had to wait another 44 years until he was finally cloned the first mammal. The first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep was born on July 5, 1996. In this fascinating history of cloning, there has been a major setback in 2003 when Dolly died at the age of 6 years. Death of the first cloned mammal, was followed by a lively debate related issues / ethical aspects of cloning, debate that continues today. Besides the successful attempts to clone the different species of animals, XX century was marked by several important moments in the development of the genealogy. Deciphering the success of DNA code in 1968 came as an enormous progress around much desired human clone. With nearly 20 years later, by 1988 the human genome, that genome Homosapiens stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes has been released. As things were headed becoming better by the appearance of a human clone, a major problem has become human cloning prohibition act in 2009, which has labeled as cloning illegal, immoral, not unethical activity. Since 2009, human cloning is illegal in 23 countries. So far, experiments were undertaken with five species of animals and the high rate of failure has given rise to many questions about human cloning success. Only 1% of animal cloning made so far have had a positive result, but most of them have suffered serious disorders. The conclusion of experts is that the current level of technology, human cloning is very dangerous. I discussed two types of human cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning involves cloning cells from an adult for medicinal use and is an active research area, while reproductive cloning would involve the creation of human clones. Therapeutic cloning could provide unique ways to cure diseases until now considered incurable: diabetes, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, heart disease. (1) The third type of cloning called replacement cloning is a possibility in theory and would be a combination of therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Higher probability of achieving a therapeutic cloning is more accessible in terms of technique, but also less morally problematic. * Statement Of The Problem: * What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning * How can cloning technologies be used? * What Animal Haved Been Cloned ? * Can organs be cloned for use in transplants? * What are the risks of cloning? * Should humans be cloned? * How Human Cloning Will Work Cause And Effect: Ethics Ethical issues of human cloning have become an important issue in recent years. Many ethical arguments against human cloning are based on misconceptions. Many people think that these clones will have the same characteristics / personalities as the person cloned. Although clone and cloned individual have the same genes, traits and personalities are different. People think that a clone is physically identical to the donor and her behavior, but this is not true because although there is a physical identity, living environment shapes an individuals ongoing behavior and psychology. Many people believe that cloning will lead to loss of individuality eventually, but people have their own personality cloned which personality is similar to those in which they were created. Lawrence Nelson, associate professor of philosophy at UCS, said that embryos can be used for research if: the purpose of research can not be achieved by other methods;    the embryos have reached more than 14-18 days of development;    those who use forbid you to consider or treat as personal property. One of the most serious problems of cloning of human embryos for therapeutic purposes, is that with harvesting stem cells, the embryo is formed by cloning practical killed. We can not reduce the existence of a human embryo to a cell as long as after both science and teaching of the Church, the human embryo is a carrier of life. 8) For a few years, the legalization of human cloning is in the center of global debate, which was also attended not only scientists but also politicians, philosophers, theologians, psychologists. For example, American Association of Pro Life Obstetricians and Gynecologists (AAPLOG) has spoken out against cloning, drawing attention that some business people might think of trading a human life. (4) What is harder is that it could reach the reproduction of living people without them knowing, to be involved in this process or to give consent. Questions appeared on the social status of any clone. What will be their status in society? In the U. S. House of Representatives issued a ruling that human cloning is illegal, but the Senate has yet to rule on the matter. The opinions are still leaning toward accepting only therapeutic cloning. Legalization of therapeutic cloning has been proposed as the only way to investigate, the chances of success, the basic criterion for funding such programs as the primary objective should be finding cures for incurable diseases. A coalition of states, including Spain, Italy, Philippines, USA, Costa Rica and the Holy Land have tried to expand the debate on all forms of human cloning, noting that in their view, therapeutic cloning violates human dignity. Costa Rica proposed the adoption of an international convention to combat any form of cloning. Australia has banned human cloning in December 2006, but therapeutic cloning is now legal in some parts of Australia. European Union European Convention on Human Rights prohibits human cloning in an additional protocol, but the protocol has been ratified only by Greece, Spain and Portugal. England The British government introduced legislation to allow therapeutic cloning in a debate on January 14, 2001. Hope that parliament will pass the law was prohibitive. Roman Catholic Church under Pope Benedict XVI has condemned the practice of human cloning, saying it represents a grave offense against human dignity and equality among the people. Human cloning is prohibited in Islam at the Tenth Conference in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has decided on June 28, 1997-July 3, 1997 as the beginning of human cloning is haraam (forbidden by the faith-sin). Jesse Rainbow explain why there is an aversion to human cloning a clone would not be a real person cloning is playing the God cloning is not natural mention in closing some of the conditions proposed in a provisional list yet, so research on therapeutic human cloning (reproductive one is illegal) to proceed lawfully: it is necessary for embryos to be used only in the early stages of their development, without being allowed to grow further, all programs research must be supervised by government organizations dealing with fertilization and genetic techniques, various research programs will receive funding and approval only if it is scientifically demonstrated that there is no other way of obtaining the same results conventional, will not be permitted to research on human genetic material can be combined with that of animals, there must be a permanent state of public information on research undertaken and to be postulated that the limitations may be required to report the experiences and suffering of animals used for human benefit. (5)

Adequacy vc. Equity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Adequacy vc. Equity - Research Paper Example re sufficient to achieve such envisaged goals, and which agencies and institutions could be and should be attributed the responsibility to furnish resources for these purposes (Marzano & Kendall, 1999). School funding is a topic that has achieved the immense attention of parents, tax payers and policy makers across the length and breadth of the United States (Marzano & Kendall, 1999). Since the 70s, there has been a deluge of the law suits filed in the law courts of almost all the states of America. Therefore, equity versus adequacy debate is of apt relevance in this context. The equity issue in the sphere of school funding came into light with the filing of Serrano vs. Priest case in California in 1971 (Odden & Picus, 1999, p. 129). In 1976, the California State Supreme Court extended the judgment that California school funding arrangements violated the guarantee to equal protection under law enshrined in the United States Constitution. The equity concept highlighted by this case professed that all the school districts in a state should have access to same and equal resources to extend education to their students (Odden & Picus, 1999, p. 131). In the domain of educational finance, equity means the placement of provisions to assure equality in the distribution of educational resources by a state across districts, and to put in place a system for fairness, so far as the allocation of available resources for funding school education are concerned. The equity principle has its advantages in the sense that it allows for the placement of uniformly enforceable educational standards across a state. However, the big problem with the equity principle is that it does not take into consideration the variegated nature of American demography. There are some sections of the American society that have been traditionally marginalized and sidelined, and hence need access to more than average resources for educational purposes. Equity principle simply ignores the different costs

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example Should business take a cut in their profit margins in order to employ the jobless people or take part in environmental conservation practises? The answer to this question can be answered by analysing the long run effects of such a move to the business. When a business entity takes a cut in order to participate in corporate social responsibility, the earnings of the owners are reduced, this may have the effect of dampening their interests on the business or they may pressurize the chief executive officer of the business to make more profits for them. In turn, this would have the effect of increasing the prices of the goods and services that the company produces therefore a negative effect to the consumers, which the company was trying by getting involved in corporate social responsibility activities. Corporate social responsibility among business entities means that the business is getting money from consumers of their products and other stakeholders and spending it on their choice pr oject without necessarily consulting the financiers of the whole project since the decision of the project lies wholly on the chief executive officer and the board of directors. ... Financial fraud has been with us for a relatively long period of time where corporates have been tampering with their financial information to lie about their financial position in order to attract investors or to keep investors from investing in other rival firms. This has the effect of making investors lose billion of money when these companies collapse. For instance, Enron, Tyco, Worldcom and Adelphia have been involved in financial scandals involving manipulating of their financial information. Another form of financial fraud involves employees who are torn between pursuing their own selfish interests or the interests of their clients. For instance, brokers in insurance of money market are usually faced with the dilemma of pursuing their own selfish gains at the expense of the client’s interests although the law requires them to pursue their clients’ interests before their own. This trend is caused by the commission remuneration system that is used to pay brokers ba sed on the volume of business that they transact. Consumers are also involved in fraud, which cost the United States economy billions of dollars in revenue. The fraud from consumers is spread across almost all sectors of the economy, however the most hit sector is the insurance sector, which is reported to have lost about 10 per cent of the total claims to fraud, this includes claims on items that are not lost or damaged and treatment that is not offered. The clothing sector is another worst hit by fraud with estimates showing that about 16 billion dollars may have been lost in 2002 due to ‘wardrobing’ which is the returning of old clothes. Another area

Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination on the Web Essay Example for Free

Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination on the Web Essay People think that racism and discrimination doesn’t exist anymore, but surprisingly they do; both existed throughout human history. Discrimination may be defined as a negative, harmful behaviour toward people based on their group membership. Whereas prejudice which is an opinion rather than a fact; is a negative attitude toward members of a group, that is often very strongly held. Stereotypes are individuals beliefs that members of a group share particular attributes; someone might think that Arabs are terrorists, or doctors are intelligent and compassionate. Unlike prejudice and discrimination-terms that refer to negative attitudes or actions- stereotypes can be either positive or negative. The Palestinian-Israeli conflict will never end, and each individual has a different opinion about it. Ahmed Ramie is a Moroccan-Swedish writer and Holocaust denier, also the founder of the radio station Radio Islam which now operates as a website. Radio Islam is a website owned by a group of freedom fighters from different countries in support of Ahmed Ramies global struggle. Radio Islam is a website that is trying to promote better relations between the West and the Arab and Muslim World; its against racism of all kids and forms also against all kinds of discrimination of people based on their color of skin and faith. Meta-Stereotypes are a persons belief about the stereotype that out-group members hold concerning his or her own group; for example Arabs would believe that Jews hold a negative stereotype of their group (terrorists). Meta-stereotype differs depending on each group; Arabs may hold negative stereotypes against Jews (Occupants). Each group may hold different opinions; Palestinians may consider that their victims of the chosen people (the Jews). Each group believes that they hold the right opinions about others and some of them would never change their opinion. Another hate site that depicts hate towards Jews is Kinsman Redeemer Ministrie, Pastor Mark Downe is strongly honest with his opinion towards Jews, and his title is why we hate Jews. Scapegoat theory is a theory proposing that prejudice occurs because members of dominant groups use discrimination against members of weak target groups to vent their frustration and disappointment. People become frustrated during difficult economic time and tend to take out their frustration on weak targets, for example Jews in Nazi Germany in the late 1930s when Hitler roused anger against Jews by claiming they had too much economic power and blaming them for the impact of the worldwide depression on Germany. Jews were an outcast that many Germans disliked, but when Hitler started his campaign of propaganda, some Germans followed his league. But theres a difference between these two sites; Radio Islam is against Zionism not Judaism, where Kinsman Redeemer Ministries talks specifically about Jews and lists different reasons why people should hate them. One man started this propaganda and changed the whole world, now Hitler is gone but people still carry on with his campaign and spread the hate and racism among others. People should be more considerate about other peoples opinions and beliefs and not hurt them by hate websites or picking on them. Each person in this world is a unique individual who shouldnt be judged based on his/her religion, color, sexuality or ethnicity. Prejudice against overweight women is common now a day, people who are overweight are the targets of widespread prejudice and discrimination, and they may find difficulties finding a job or travelling. Some groups hold hate towards other overweight people, they believe that the fat gene is not an excuse and obesity should not be common among us. If an obese saw a hate website about overweight groups they would feel ashamed and upset that they would eat more rather than fixing their problem. Old-Fashioned Prejudice is one of the forms of prejudice; the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is name of three distinct past and present right-wing organizations in the United States. After the American Civil War the KKK was created on December 24, 1865, this group represents the White Christian civilization they believe in many concepts and rights that should be essential to civilized and moral society. Some people might find them as ignorant and racist but they are certainly convinced about their beliefs and actions towards illegal immigrants and black people. On one of the hate websites KKK they mention white all the time that others might be offended and bothered, their mission is to live in a country with white people only. Again Frustration caused this group it started after the War before that people didn’t mind black people. Martin Luther King has become a human rights icon and he represented all African Americans; he fought for their rights since the 50s. Throughout the history till the present African Americans still might feel discriminated and an outcast. Stereotypes is a huge effect on people and how they feel about others, a kid might not think of a Black man in the middle of the night as a killer or a thief but as this kid grows older and starts watching television and surfing the internet this persons thoughts will change and develop hate towards Black people and somehow fear. In all I would like to wrap up this assignment with saying that Im totally against judging a book from its cover, some people might hate all Jews because some of them occupied Palestine or some Jews would hate all Germans because some of them slaughtered them. But I think thats not only racist but its ignorant, all people should be treated the same and those hate websites can convince teenagers to turn into a hater and Im surprised how they exist from the first place. Websites I visited: -http://radioislam. org/islam/english/index_zion1. htm -http://www. kinsmanredeemer. com/WhyWeHateJews. htm -http://ihatefatpeople. wordpress. com/ -http://www. kkk. bz/.

jewish :: essays research papers

Journal #13 As the communities started forming in America, American society became a strong influence on the Jewish culture. Congregations started to become americanized, thus assimilation has prevailed as usual. The American culture always had affected the different types of cultures and minorities that have culivated here. At first in America certain dietary needs and religious practices were not recognized by the governemnt. Yet the Jews remanined strong as the community was beginning to establish it's roots, such as the creation of Jewish schools. It was important for the Jewish people to have somewhere in thier new place to feel comfortable, which was the synagogue. The Jeiwsh people were limited onpower when they first immigrated to Americ, but this aspect did not deter then from establishing a community. But it is impressive how strong a how a very small community was and is in America. Another spect of the Jewidsh community that is impressive and it has been this way since the immig rants moved here is how strong the Jewish people feel about thier religion and how it has been and still is a very importnant aspect of thier lives. It seems as though the Jewish Americans may feel so disconnected from a large Jewish population , as compared to the nations' population is the reason that it is such a big deal for so many Jews to marry within thier religion and raise thier kids Jewish. Journal # 15 The whole issue of America at that time being seen as a "godless country" that would turn Charle's son into a secular person was a big concern of his parent then they agreed to send him to America. The brother actually was a prime example of the fear of many European Jews at that time. Asa, Charles' brother, in the reader's first encounter with him, proves that he had some loss of his religion because he had him and his borther work on Sabbath. But Asa's decision to no observe the Sabbath was no indication of how Charles would lead his life in terms of religion. In fact, it is funny how different the two brother's life would be when dealing with the religious aspect. Ironically though, his brother impacted Charles' future decisions and particiapotion in the community by introdcuing peddling to him. Through this profession, he met gentiles and his positive encounter with them affected his decision to educate non-Jews on his religion and teach tolerance.

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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT TOPIC- ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF HONEY. PROJECT GUIDE- SUBMITTED BY- DR. AKSHAY GARG MOHIT KUMAR DEPT. OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REG. NO. – 10800037 ROLL NO- RB1R07B02 B. TECH BIOTECH. (8th sem. ) DATED- . 17-05-2012 CERTIFICATECertified that this project entitled â€Å"anti microbial activity of different types of honey † submitted by MOHIT KUMAR , students of biotechnology Department, Lovely Professioal University, Phagwara Punjab in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelors of Technology (biotechnology) Degree of LPU, is a record of student’s own study carried under my supervision & guidance. This report has not been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of any degree.Date: 17/5/2012 Name of Project Guide Dr. Akshay Garg DECLARATION I, MOHIT KUMAR, student of B. Tech Biotechnology under Department of Biotechnology of Lovely Professional Unive rersity, Punjab, hereby declare that all the information furnished in this dissertation / capstone project report is based on my own intensive research and is genuine. This dissertation / report does not, to the best of my knowledge, contain part of my work which has been submitted for the award of my degree either of this niversity or any other university without proper citation. Date – 17/5/2012 Investigator- MOHIT KUMAR Regd. No. 10800037 Acknowledgement Any attempt at any level can't be satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance of learned people in my capstone projectâ€Å"Antimicrobial activity of different types of honey†.I would like to express my immense gratitude to my guide Dr. Akshay Garg for his constant support and motivation that has encouraged me to come up with this project. I also would like to thanks my group member who helped me in my project. MOHIT KUMAR ABSTRACT Honey is a traditional topical treatment for infected wounds. It can be effective on antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Several local brands of honey(Dabur) collected from different sources is used in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up).The bacterial culture were taken from the laboratory of the Lovely professional University and was revived in nutrient broth media and then sub-cultured in nutrient agar media. The method used to test this antibiotic sensitivity of honey was done with the help of Kirby Bauer method . Marked variations were observed in the antibacterial activity of these honey samples. Bacterial species used were Bacillus subtilis ,E. coli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia spp. The zone of inhibition produced against different bacteria using honey of different concentration are as follows: E. oli (pathankot sample): 100% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm; E. coli (dabur sample): 100% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm; E. coli (sahar anpur sample): 100% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm; B. subtilis (pathankot): 100% = 3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm; B. subtilis (dabur): 100% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm; B. subtilis (saharanpur):100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm; Burkholderia spp. (pathankot): 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm; Burkholderia spp. dabur): 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm; Burkholderia spp. (saharanpur):100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm; S. aureus (pathankot):100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm; S. aureus (dabur):100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. 8cm; S. aureus (saharanpur): 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm; Zones of inhibition of different treatment groups were measured by agar-well-diffusion assay and compared with control. The comparison of honey sample with distilled water control had pro ved it significant.CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1. 1) Honey as antibacterial agent 7 1. OBJECTIVE 9 2. LITERATURE REVIEWS 10 3. 1 TYPES OF HONEY 10 3. 2 COMPONENTS OF HONEY 11 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 4. MATERIAL 15 4. 2 METHOD 16 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19 5. REFERENCES 32 1. ) INTRODUCTION Honey is a sweet food made by bees using nectar from flowers. The Honey is a sweet, viscous fluid produced by bees from the collection of nectar, primarily from flowers. It is considered to be a natural syrup. The Nectar is gathered by the bees and is slowly transformed into honey, through a long rocess involving the addition of enzymes and the gradual reduction of moisture. Honey is a rich source of carbohydrates mainly Fructose and Glucose. The chemical composition of honey varies depending on the plant source, season and production methods. Therefore the Colour, Concentration and Compounds vary depending on the floral sources. Other compounds which can be found in Honey include Pr oteins and acids such as Gluconic Acid (C6H11O7, also known as 2,3,4,5,6- pentahydroxyhexanoic Acid), Minerals and Anti-Oxidants such as Hydrogen Peroxide (H202) and Vitamins (B6 and B12), (BD.Yates et. al. 1996). Honey has a low pH and a low moisture content, which is usually on average about 17 percent. The Gluconic Acid in honey is produced when bees secrete Glucose Oxidase, while processing the nectar, this give honey a low pH. There are many varieties of honey from around the world which come in three main types which are liquid, whipped and comb. Several local brands of honey(Dabur) collected from different sources is used in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up) .Each of these honey’s were chosen because they are organic and readily available in health food stores 1. 1) The Antibacterial Effects of Honey The honeys are shown to have antibacterial properties, in particular Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had extensive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has antimicrobial effects (Barret J. , et. al, 2005; Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004; Mundo, M A. 2004). The Mechanism of Antibacterial Properties Honey has many natural properties which enable it to inhibit bacteria.These properties include, a low pH which is in the range of pH 3. 2 to 4. 5, approximately 3. 9 which is due to its content of acidic compounds mainly Gluconic acid as stated above. A low pH is inhibitory to most bacteria. Since most bacteria live in environments around pH 7, the pH of honey could inhibit the bacteria (Barrett, J et. al. al 2005). This is because pH affects the way large proteins such as enzymes work. Which causes the shape of enzymes to change, which then alters the overall charge, this causes the protein to denature.Honey contains small amounts of Hydrogen peroxide (H202) this varies depending on the honey, it is produced as a result of the enzyme glucose oxidase activ ity in producing Gluconic acid (Mundo, MA. et. al. 2004). C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 > C6H12O7 + H2O2 (glucose oxidase reaction) When honey is used topically (as, for example, a wound dressing), hydrogen peroxide is produced by dilution of the honey with body fluids. As a result, hydrogen peroxide is released slowly and acts as an antiseptic. Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidising agent (Free Radical) which has the ability to damage cells.In an aqueous solution hydrogen peroxide acts like an acid and can oxidise a variety of compounds, by accepting free unpaired electrons. This allows the formation of other free radicals, which then causes a cascade effect. Therefore altering biological structures and therefore damaging cells. Honey is primarily a saturated mixture of two monosaccharide, with a low water activity; most of the water molecules are associated with the sugars and few remain available for microorganisms, so it is a poor environment for their growth.If water is mixed with hone y, it loses its low water activity, and therefore no longer possesses this antimicrobial property. Honey consists of various constituents such as water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, amino acid, energy and minerals. Besides the major ones, there must also be several minor constituents in honey, which may be playing a key role in determining the antimicrobial behaviour of honey. In the past, antimicrobial activity of honey had been reported only by using aqueous solution of honey.It is said that honey possesses antibacterial property but it is not clear whether it is the bulk honey or some fraction of it. The antibacterial properties of honey speed up the growth of new tissue to heal the wound. The bactericidal effect of honey is reported to be dependent on concentration of honey used and the nature of the bacteria Considering the fact that their might be some specific constituents which may be contributing to the antimicrobial behaviour, it was decided to carryout the studies u sing different solvents.The present study therefore deals with the constituents in the different solvents followed by evaluation of extract for their antimicrobial behaviour against certain species of bacteria. 2) OBJECTIVE Based on the above facts, the present study was defined with following objective: 1) To check the antibacterial effect of different honeys on. a. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderia capicium 2) To check the effect of honey on bacterial strains using different-different dilutions. . 100% honey sample b. 75% honey sample c. 50% honey sample d. 25% honey sample 3) To compare the effect of honey and control (Distilled water) on a. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderia capicium 3) LITERATURE REVIEWS Honey has been used with medicinal purposes since ancient tim es and there are reports of its topic use by Ayurvedic medicine, dating back to 2500 b. c. Hippocrates prescribed the use of honey for several indications, including treatment of wounds and gastritis.Its healing properties are mentioned in the Koran and in Bible. Honey is a part of traditional medicine for centuries. The antimicrobial activity of honey is due primarily to hydrogen peroxide produced enzymatically. However, in undiluted honey the acidity is also a significant antimicrobial factor. The pH, ranging from 3. 2 to 4. 5, is low enough to inhibit the development of pathogens, whose optimal pH range situates between 7. 2 and 7. 4. When applied to affected areas of tissue, acidity, osmotic effect and phytochemical factors decrease with dilution; however, the activity of hydrogen peroxide increases from 2. to 50 times. On these values, peroxide acts as an antiseptic, without causing cell damage. The composition of sugars in honeys, from different floral origins, inhibits the de velopment of various intestinal bacteria. All chemical and physical factors make the therapeutic properties of honey unique: fast decline of infections and healing of wounds, quick inflammation recovery, minimizing of wounds, stimulation of angiogenesis, as well as the development of epithelial and granular tissues. Honey to be used with topical medicinal purpose, certain requirements are needed, like being free f herbicides, pesticides, heavy metals and radioactive elements and sterilized to prevent secondary infections. 3. 1) TYPES OF HONEY – ON BASIS OF FLORAL SOURCE- Blended- Most commercially available honey is blended, meaning it is a mixture of two or more honeys differing in floral source, color, flavor, density or geographic origin. Polyfloral – Polyfloral honey, also known as wildflower honey, is derived from the nectar of many types of flowers. The taste may vary from year to year, and the aroma and the flavor can be more or less intense, depending on which bloomings are prevalent.Monofloral- Monofloral honey is made primarily from the nectar of one type of flower. Different monofloral honeys have a distinctive flavor and color because of differences between their principal nectar sources. To produce monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in an area where the bees have access to only one type of flower. Honeydew honey- Instead of taking nectar, bees can take honeydew, the sweet secretions of aphids or other plant sap-sucking insects. Honeydew honey is very dark brown in color, with a rich fragrance of stewed fruit or fig jam, and is not sweet like nectar honeys. . 2) COMPOSITION OF HONEY Carbohydrates Unsurprisingly, these comprise the major portion of honey – about 82%. The carbohydrates present are the monosaccharide fructose (38. 2%) and glucose (31%); and disaccharides (~9%) sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, maltulose, turanose and kojibiose. There are also some oligosaccharides present (4. 2%), including erlose, theanderose and panose, formed from incomplete breakdown of the higher saccharides present in nectar and honeydew. Proteins and Amino Acids.Honey contains a number of enzymes, including invertase, which converts sucrose to glucose and fructose; amylase, which breaks starch down into smaller units; glucose oxidase, which converts glucose to gluconolactone, which in turn yields gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide; catalase, which breaks down the peroxide formed by glucose oxidase to water and oxygen; and acid phosphorylase, which removes inorganic phosphate from organic phosphates. Honey also contains eighteen free amino acids, of which the most abundant is proline. Vitamins, Minerals and AntioxidantsHoney contains trace amounts of the B vitamins riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid and vitamin B6. It also contains ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the minerals calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, selenium, chromium and manganese. The main group of antioxidants in hon ey are the flavonoids, of which one, pinocembrin, is unique to honey and bee propolis. Ascorbic acid, catalase and selenium are also antioxidants. Generally speaking, the darker the honey, the greater its antioxidising properties. Other compoundsHoney also contains organic acids such as acetic, butanoic, formic, citric, succinic, lactic, malic, pyroglutamic and gluconic acids, and a number of aromatic acids. The main acid present is gluconic acid, formed in the breakdown of glucose by glucose oxidase. Honey also contains hydroxymethylfurfural, a natural product of the breakdown of simple sugars below pH 5. According to studies done by Patricia E. Lusby et al Twelve of the 13 bacteria were inhibited by all honeys used in this study with only Serratia marcescens and the yeast Candida albicans not inhibited by the honeys.Little or no antibacterial activity was seen at honey concentrations 1%, with minimal inhibition at 5%. No honey was able to produce complete inhibition of bacterial g rowth. Although Medi honey and manuka had the overall best activity, the locally produced honeys had equivalent inhibitory activity for some, but not all, bacteria. He then postulated that honeys other than those commercially available as antibacterial honeys can have equivalent antibacterial activity. These newly identified antibacterial honeys may prove to be a valuable source of future therapeutic honeys. According to Peter C.Molan (2001), honey may be the â€Å"natural cure† for most bacterial infections that could replace man-made antibiotics. Researchers say that an enzyme in the honey turns into a tiny  amount hydrogen peroxide when combined with bodily fluids killing nearby bacteria. Honey also causes an increase in lymphocyte and  phagocyte activity (Cooper et al. , 2011). The honeys are shown to have antibacterial properties, in particular Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had extensive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has an timicrobial effects (Barret J. , et. al, 2005; Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004; Mundo, MA. 2004).In this study the antibacterial activity of the five honeys were compared, the Manuka honey was used as a positive control. The nonperoxide antibiotic activity is due to methylglyoxal (MGO) and an unidentified synergistic component. Most honeys contain very low levels of MGO, but manuka honey contains very high levels. The presence of the synergist in manuka honey more than doubles MGO antibacterial activity. In vitro antibacterial activity of raw and commercially available honey was tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella spp. nd Salmonella spp. ). Both types of honey showed antibacterial activity against test organisms with the zone of inhibition ranging from 8. 13 to 30. 85 mm, while E. coli, S. aureus, and Shigella spp. showed sensibility towards both types of Honey. Both types of honey showed no effects on Salmonella spp. The potency of honey at 100%concentration was found to be higher than all other concentrations tested. However, no effect was observed at concentration of 6. 25% v/v honey in the case of both samples(Patricia E. Lusby 2004).To study the antimicrobial activity of honey, 60 samples of various botanical origin were evaluated antimicrobial activities against 16 clinical pathogens and their respective reference strains. The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effect employs the well-agar diffusion method and the estimation of minimum active dilution which produces a 1 mm diameter inhibition zone. Streptococcus pyogenes,Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were proven to be up to 60% more resistant than their equal reference strains thus emphasizing the variability in the antibacterial effect of honey and the need for further research (C.Voidarou 2010). Natural products, either as pure compounds or as standardized plant extracts, provid e unlimited opportunities for new drugs because of the ready availability of chemical diversity (Cos et al. , 2006). Honey and lemon-honey are traditional remedies in the Middle East and China and for many centuries and have been used in the treatment and prevention of the common cold and various upper respiratory tract infections (Molan, 1992; Zulma ; Lulat, 1989). Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using standard well diffusion methods. oncluded that the sandal wood from different sources and mixture of of – and -santanols were highly effective against gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae and as well as yeast Candida albicans. The present work gives strong evidence of antibacterial activities of honey, sandal oil and black pepper (Sheikh Ahmad 2002). In general, all types of honey have high sugar content as well as low water content and acidity, which prevent microbial growth.Osmotic effect, effect of pH and hydrogen peroxide are represented as an â€Å"inhibition† factor in honey (Postmes et al. , 1993). Most types of honey generate hydrogen peroxide when diluted because of the activation of the enzyme glucose oxidase, which oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (Schepartz and Subers, 1964). Hydrogen peroxide is the major contributor to the antimicrobial activity of honey,and the different concentrations of this compound indifferent honeys result in their variable antimicrobial effects (Molan, 1992).Moreover, non peroxide factors also play critical role. The content of non peroxide factors are related to the floral source and sometimes account for the major part of the antibacterial activity in honey(Molan and Russell, 1988). Forty samples of different honey types (Acacia, Ziziphus , Brassica and Citrus) were collected from different areas of Pakistan and analyzed for moisture, pH, total acidity, ash, electrical conductivity, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF), sucrose, total sugars, invert sugar, protein, proline contents as well as macro and micro elements.The variation in composition of honey samples was observed due to different types of flora. Likewise, a significant level (P ; 0. 05) of ash, electric conductivity, sucrose, total sugar as well as macro and micro elements was also found in these honey types. Different formulations of honey has significantly inhibited growth of pathogenic microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger when compared to control group, which is an evidence that honey is a therapeutic agent being used since ancient time throughout the world. Feng et. al. 1994) The discrepancy in the observed antibacterial activity can be due to several reasons. One possibility might be related to the differences in susceptibility of each species of microorganism to the antibacterial activity of honey used. Similar observations are reported by others (Nzeako and Hamdi 2000; Ceyhan and Ugur 2001; Taormina et al. 2001). As reported by others (Melissa et al. 2004) dilution of honey enhances hydrogen peroxide mediated antibacterial activity may explain some of the discrepancies of observed with the antibacterial activity of these honey.The presence of unstable putative agents and/or thermolabile antibacterial agent(s) could also be inactivated during the experimental procedure and thus may be considered as possible explanation of the observed insensitivity of some honey samples found in the preliminary study. 4. ) MATERIALS AND METHOD 4. 1) Materials Several local brands of honey and Dabur honey collected from different sources is used in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from- Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up). In the antibacterial study, several bacterial species known to be pathogenic to human such as E. oli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis was used. These strains were obtained from biote chnology lab. in accordance to given requirement. Glass wares used:- Conical flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), Petri plates, glass rod, test tubes spreader, glass beakers, Glass slides and cover slip, Plastic wares used:- Beakers, Conical flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), dropper, appendrof tubes (2ml), auto pipette tips (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l) Instruments used:- Hot air oven, Autoclave machine, Laminar air flow hood, Incubator, Microwave ovenOther material used:- Sprit lamp, cork borer,test tube stand, auto pipette (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l), parafilm wax,,filter paper Chemicals used:- Nutrient agar, nutrient broth, Mueller Hinton agar, 70% Methanol, 100% methanol, ethyl alcohol ,sodium chloride. 4. 2) Methods Physicochemical study: Appearance of different honeys was observed. pH is determined using conventional procedure like using ph scale. Antibacterial study: Antibacterial study was carried out in steps. In the first step, an i n vitro screening will be carried out using either disc diffusion or well diffusion method.Well diffusion was carried out using plate diffusion, which I preferred. Preparation of test materials: Test materials will be prepared by diluting each honey at different dilutions, 25 ? l/100 ? l, 50 ? l/100 ? l, 75 ? l/100 ? l and one with no dilution. Moreover, net honey was also used as test material. All dilutions were carried out with double distilled and deionised sterilized water. 3. 2. 1) Source of bacterial strains The E. coli. , S. aureus, Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis were revived from the stock available in the various Biotechnology laboratories of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India.Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth:- 100ml nutrient broth was prepared and ten test tubes were taken, autoclaved, and after this the Bacterial strains was inoculated in the nutrient broth in different test tubes and then incubated for 24 hours in i ncubator . Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on solid media:- For All Bacterial strains:- 5. 6g of Nutrient agar was added to the 200ml of purified water. Then solution was heated and boiled for 1 minute to completely dissolve the powder. Then media was autoclaved.Then media(10-15 ml) was poured in Petri plates. Then Bacterial strains were added to media. Then Petri plate were kept in incubator for 18-48 hours at 37 degree C. Saline preparation : Take . 58g of Nacl and dissolve it to 10ml of distled water and make saline before 15 min of spreading and take the colonies from the nutrient agar plates and mix properly in the saline. Nutrient agar medium for antimicrobial testing: 7g of nutrient agar medium was added to the 250 ml of distilled water and heated for 1 minute to complete dissolve medium then autoclaved .After that pouring the petriplates and left it 20 minute for solidify medium and make wells , after solidify put the different Honeys in the wells and kept it to incub ate for 18-48 hours at 37C. Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method: The bacterial strains were inoculated into 10 ml of sterile nutrient broth, and incubated at 37  °C for 18 h. Each culture was then spreaded on the surface of sterile nutrient agar plate and also pour-plated in nutrient agar media to perform the test in triplet, one with the control and the other two ith the test sample. Making the wells With the help of a cork borer make wells in the agar carefully without tearing the gel. In two agar plate of all four sets, four wells were prepared with the help of sterilized cork borer. Then with the hep of micropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the wellIn the wells of two plates of each set, samples of following concentrations: (1) 100% sterile Honey(2) 75% sterile Honey(3) 50% sterile Honey and (4) 25% sterile Honey; were added by using micropipette. Also in the a well water was added as negative control.Then with the help of micropi pette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the well Replace the lid of the plate between putting sample into wells to minimize exposure to air-borne contaminants. Cover the lid tightly with paraffin tape to avoid contamination. Incubation of the plates . A temperature range of 35 °C  ± 2 °C is required for 24-48 hours. Do not incubate plates in carbon dioxide  as this will decrease the pH of the agar and result in errors due to incorrect pH of the media. Measuring zone of inhibition 1.Following incubation, measure the zone sizes  to the nearest millimeter  using a ruler or caliper; include the diameter of the well in the measurement . 2. All measurements were made with the unaided eye while viewing the back of the petri dish. Hold the plate a few inches above a black, nonreflecting surface illuminated with reflected light . 3. Record the zone size on the recording sheet. Figure1: Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method 4. )RESULTS Sub-cultu ring of bacterial strains in nutrient broth:- Figure2: Culture E. coli. , S. ureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis in Nutrient broth media. Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on solid media:- Fig. –3 E. coli subcultured on nutrient agar Fig. – 4 B. Subtilis subcultured on nutrient agar Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method: Fig 5 : No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which E. coli is grown Fig 6 : No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which Bacillus subtilis is grown ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST E. coliFIG. 7 – ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY(pathankot sample) IN E. coli: 100% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm FIG. 8– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY (dabur sample) IN E. coli : 100% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm FI G. 9– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY (saharanpur sample) IN E. coli: 100% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST B. subtilis FIG. 10– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN B. subtilis (pathankot sample): 100% = 3. cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm FIG. 11– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (dabur sample): 100% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm; FIG. 12– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (saharanpur):100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST Burkholderia capacium FIG. 13– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in Burkholderia capacium (pathankot sample): 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm; FIG. 4– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (dabur): 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 15– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (saharanpur):100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEY’S AGAINST S. Aureus FIG. 16– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (pathankot):100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 17– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (dabur):100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. cm FIG. 18– ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN S. aureus (saharanpur): 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm Appearance Appearance of each of honey brand was examined and it was observed that honey were brown to dark brown in color, whereas other honey were golden yellow in color. Dabur honey- golden colour,transparent Pathankot sample – golden colour wit h sufficient transparency Saharanpur sample – dark yellow colour with zero transparency The transparency is due to processing of honey,while less transparent samples are unprocessed and taken directly from bee hive.Table 1- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of Pathankot honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains| Zone of Inhibition (in cm)| | Control(sterile DistilledWater)| 100%Honey sample| 75%Honey sample| 50%Honey sample| 25%Honey sample| E. coli. | 0. 0| 2. 6| 1. 9| 1. 7| 1. 2| Bacillus subtilis| 0. 0| 3. 0| 2. 7| 2. 7| 2. 5| S. aureus| 0. 0| 2. 1| 1. 7| 1. 4| 1. 2| Burkholderia capicium| 0. 0| 2. 1| 1. 9| 1. 5| 1. 4| Table2- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of dabur honey sample on different Bacterial strains.Bacterial strains| Zone of Inhibition (in cm) | | Control(sterile DistilledWater)| 100%Honey sample| 75%Honey sample| 50%Honey sample| 25%Honey sample| E. coli. | 0. 0| 2. 2| 1. 6| 1. 3| 1 . 1| Bacillus subtilis| 0. 0| 2. 7| 2. 5| 2. 4| 2. 2| S. aureus| 0. 0| 3. 0| 2. 7| 2. 2| 1. 8| Burkholderia capicium| 0. 0| 2. 4| 1. 7| 1. 5| 1. 2| Table 1- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of Saharanpur honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains| Zone of Inhibition (in cm)| | Control(sterile DistilledWater)| 100%Honey sample| 75%Honey sample| 50%Honey sample| 25%Honey sample| E. oli. | 0. 0| 2. 8| 2. 4| 2. 3| 1. 7| Bacillus subtilis| 0. 0| 3. 2| 2. 7| 2. 3| 1. 5| S. aureus| 0. 0| 2. 9| 2. 5| 2. 0| 1. 6| Burkholderia capicium| 0. 0| 2. 5| 1. 9| 1. 7| 1. 4| In the preliminary screening process was observed that some honey brands have more while some other have less antibacterial activity. Some honey showed antibacterial effect against E. Coli and some showed strongest activity against Bacillus subtilis ,S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium. Clear zones of inhibition were produced by concentrated without dilution.Through the analysis of average values of the diameters of each honey, it is possible to infer a possible pattern in which commercial honeys, such as DABUR honey, have a greater average diameter while the homemade honeys from different regions, have a lower average diameter even at less concentrations, but the best antimicrobial activity was shown by Saharanpur honey sample with was collected directly from the apiary without any processing and it showed clear and large inhibition zones for all bacterial strains which were used for this test.Though after the dilutions were made, the low concentrated samples of Saharanpur honey resulted in rather poor antimicrobial activity. The wells in which water was loaded shoed absolutely no antimicrobial activity which was used as negative control. 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